Spatial Analysis of Tourism Economic Networks in East Java: A Modified Gravity Model Approach with Big Data Integration
Abstract
Research on the spatial structure of tourism economic networks remains limited, whereas understanding how tourism economic components are interconnected and interact within a geographical area is crucial. This study aims to fill these limitations by analyzing the strength of interaction and the spatial structure of the tourism economic network in East Java, both now and in the future. This research employs a modified gravity model that integrates big data as a proxy for tourism economic variables. Spatial network analysis was conducted using Spatial Design Network Analysis (SDNA) with four centrality algorithms. The results showed that the main centers or hubs of the tourism economic network in East Java are Batu City, Malang Regency, and Surabaya City, based on the total number of nodes or variables. While the analysis per variable revealed differences in the main centers, indicating complexity and diversity in the interactions, connections, and clusters of the tourism economic network in East Java. Road network planning in the East Java Provincial RTRW until 2043 is predicted to have a significant impact on the connectivity, attractiveness, and accessibility of the road network, which in turn will affect tourism economic growth in East Java. However, the uneven improvement of accessibility, especially in Madura Island, is a challenge in itself. This research offers valuable insights into the spatial dynamics of the tourism economic network in East Java and its implications for regional economic development, providing policy recommendations to optimize the impact of road network planning on the tourism sector.
References
Adamiak, C., & Szyda, B. (2022). Combining conventional statistics and big data to map global tourism destinations before COVID-19. Journal of Travel Research, 61(8), 1848–1871. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211051418
Al Faruqi, A. R., Moeis, F. R., & Ashar, K. Y. (2021). Development strategy of East Java tourism as an alternative source of economic growth. East Java Economic Journal, 2(2), 170–186. https://doi.org/10.53572/ejavec.v2i2.18
Apriyanti, M. E., Sumaryoto, & Meirinaldi. (2024). The importance of tourism infrastructure in increasing domestic and international tourism. International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS), 3(4), 113–122. https://doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v3i4.46
Basorudin, M., Afifah, N., Rizqi, A., Yusuf, M., Humairo, N., & Nugraheni, L. M. S. (2021). Analisis location quotient dan shift share sektor pariwisata sebagai indikator leading sector di Indonesia. Ecobisma (Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Manajemen), 8(1), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.36987/ecobi.v8i1.1855
Brandes, U., Borgatti, S. P., & Freeman, L. C. (2016). Maintaining the duality of closeness and betweenness centrality. Social networks, 44, 153-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2015.08.003
De La Mata, T., & Llano, C. (2010). Gravity model and tourism: An application to the interregional monetary flows of the Spanish tourist sector. San Sebastian Conference Proceedings, 211–240.
Dogru, T., & Bulut, U. (2018). Is tourism an engine for economic recovery? Theory and empirical evidence. Tourism Management, 67, 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.014
Ernawati, D. P. (2019). Development of the tourism industry as the motor of economic growth in Indonesia. International Journal of Science and Society, 1(4), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v1i4.300
Febriansyah, P. T., Susanto, H., Thoha, M., Nadjib, M., Firmansyah, F., Adam, L., Salim, Z., Cahyono, B. D., & Sabilla, K. (2018). The role of economic infrastructure in regional development: Strategy to strengthen tourism economic zones’ supporting system. Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities, 8(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.14203/jissh.v8i1.133
Feng, X., Pan, C., & Xu, F. (2024). The spatial structure and influencing factors of the tourism economic network in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. Tourism and Hospitality, 5(1), 60–79. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp5010005
Fu-cai, H. (2006). Research on tourism spatial structure and its optimization: A network analysis. Geography and Geo-Information Science.
Gan, C., Voda, M., Wang, K., Chen, L., & Ye, J. (2021). Spatial network structure of the tourism economy in urban agglomeration: A social network analysis. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47, 124–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.03.009
Gartner, C., & Cukier, J. (2012). Is tourism employment a sufficient mechanism for poverty reduction? A case study from Nkhata Bay, Malawi. Current Issues in Tourism, 15(6), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2011.629719
Gibson, J., & Boe-Gibson, G. (2021). Nighttime Lights and County-Level Economic Activity in the United States: 2001 to 2019. Remote Sensing, 13(14), 2741. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142741
Girardin, F., Calabrese, F., Fiore, F. D., Ratti, C., & Blat, J. (2008). Digital footprinting: Uncovering tourists with user-generated content. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 7(4), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2008.71
Hariyani, H. F. (2018). Tourism sector performance on Indonesia’s economic growth. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 16(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.22219/jep.v16i1.8184
Hou, L., Wu, L., Ju, S., Zhang, Z., Zhu, Y., & Lai, Z. (2021). The evolution patterns of tourism integration driven by regional tourism-economic linkages—Taking Poyang Lake region, China, as an example. Growth and Change, 52(3), 1914–1937. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12524
Hu, Y., Tian, C., Lin, L., Kaiyong, W., & Dongfang, Z. (2014). Structure of tourist economy network and its spatial development pattern in Jianghuai urban agglomeration. Progress in Geography, 33(2), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.02.003
Jin-feng, W., & Hao-sheng, B. (2002). Research on the spatial network model of tourism system. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 22(1), 96–101. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2002.01.96
Jumiati, A., & Diartho, H. C. (2022). Infrastruktur dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekuilibrium, 6(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.19184/jek.v6i1.31321
Kanrak, M., Lean, H. H., & Nonthapot, S. (2024). Analysis of tourism destination centrality and structural properties of tourism system: Complex network perspective. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 12(1), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2023.10.013
Kementerian PPN/BAPPENAS. (2024). Perkembangan ekonomi Indonesia dan dunia triwulan IV tahun 2023. Kementerian PPN/BAPPENAS.
Khaksar, M. R., & Amir, E. (2023). The contribution of tourism to the economic growth of a country. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 6(7). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/V6-i7-107
Khalil, S., Kakar, M. K., & Waliullah (2007). Role of Tourism in Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan Economy. The Pakistan Development Review, 46(4II), 985-995. https://doi.org/10.30541/v46i4IIpp.985-995
Kim, N., Song, H., & Pyun, J. H. (2016). The relationship among tourism, poverty, and economic development in developing countries. Tourism Economics, 22(6), 1174–1190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816616669038
Korstanje, M. E. (2012). The economics of tourist destinations. Anatolia, 23(1), 131–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2011.647510
Kostakis, I., & Theodoropoulou, E. (2017). Spatial analysis of the nexus between tourism–human capital–economic growth. Tourism Economics, 23(7), 1523–1534. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816617692473
Kovalcsik, T., Elekes, Á., Boros, L., Könnyid, L., & Kovács, Z. (2022). Capturing unobserved tourists: Challenges and opportunities of processing mobile positioning data in tourism research. Sustainability, 14(21), 13826. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142113826
Leiper, N. (1979). The framework of tourism: Towards a definition of tourism, tourist, and the tourist industry. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 390–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(79)90003-3
Li, L., Feng, R., Hou, G., Xi, J., Gao, P., & Jiang, X. (2024). Integrating tourism supply-demand and environmental sensitivity into the tourism network identification of ecological functional zone. Ecological Indicators, 158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.111505
Li, L., & Gao, Q. (2023). Researching tourism space in China’s Great Bay Area: Spatial pattern, driving forces and its coupling with economy and population. Land, 12(10), 1878. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101878
Liang, X., & Kang, Y. (2024). A Review of Spatial Network Insights and Methods in the Context of Planning: Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities. In S. C. M. Geertman, C. Pettit, R. Goodspeed, & A. Staffans (Eds.), Urban Informatics and Future Cities (pp. 71–91). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76059-5_5
Möhring, M., Keller, B., Schmidt, R., & Dacko, S. (2021). Google Popular Times: towards a better understanding of tourist customer patronage behavior. Tourism Review, 76(3), 533–569. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-10-2018-0152
Munawar, A., Wismadi, A., Dewanti, D., Nugroho, D. P., Harmanto, J. P., & Pasaribu, R. (2023). Konektivitas jaringan infrastruktur transportasi pariwisata (Studi kasus Mandalika dan Labuan Bajo). Jurnal Transportasi Multimoda, 20(2), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.25104/mtm.v20i2.2244
Neves, Y. B., Sindeaux, M. C. P., Souza, W., Kozievitch, N. P., Loureiro, A. A. F., & Silva, T. H. (2016). Study of google popularity times series for commercial establishments of Curitiba and Chicago. WebMedia 2016 - Proceedings of the 22nd Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web, 303–310. https://doi.org/10.1145/2976796.2976862
Ntibanyurwa, A. (2006). Tourism as a factor of development. Sustainable Tourism II, 73–84. https://doi.org/10.2495/ST060071
Ollivaud, P., & Haxton, P. (2019). Making the most of tourism in Indonesia to promote sustainable regional development. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/c73325d9-en
Olivia, D., Atmojo, W. T., & Guna, A. (2022). Analisis potensi desa wisata sebagai upaya peningkatan aksesibilitas dan konektivitas di Desa Wisata Cikolelet. IKRAITH-Teknologi, 6(3), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.37817/ikraith-teknologi.v6i3.2304
Omar, S., & Ismal, A. (2019). Night Lights and Economic Performance in Egypt. Advances in Economics and Business, 7(2), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.13189/aeb.2019.070202
Önder, I., Koerbitz, W., & Hubmann-Haidvogel, A. (2016). Tracing tourists by their digital footprints. Journal of Travel Research, 55(5), 566–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514563985
Qi, D., Wang, B., Zhao, Q., & Jin, P. (2024). Research on the spatial network structure of tourist flows in Hangzhou based on BERT-BiLSTM-CRF. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 13(4), 139.. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13040139
Rahmah, I. M. M. (2020). Dikotomi keruangan wilayah: Karakteristik wilayah dan daya saing daerah Provinsi Jawa Timur. JAUR (Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Research), 3(2), 154–165. https://doi.org/10.31289/jaur.v3i2.3142
Rauch, F. (2016). The Geometry of the Distance Coefficient in Gravity Equations in International Trade. Review of International Economics, 24(5), 1167–1177. https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12252
Reza, M. I. H., Abdullah, S. A., Nor, S. B. M., & Ismail, M. H. (2018). Landscape Pattern and Connectivity Importance of Protected Areas in Kuala Lumpur Conurbation for Sustainable Urban Planning. International Journal of Conservation Science, 9(2), 361-372
Ruan, W.-Q., & Zhang, S.-N. (2021). Can tourism information flow enhance regional tourism economic linkages? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 49, 614–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.11.012
Satria, D., & Wibowo, J. M. (2021). Big data analysis of sustainable tourism competitiveness in East Java Province. Academica Turistica, 14(2), 189–203. https://doi.org/10.26493/2335-4194.14.189-203
Sevtsuk, A. (2021). Estimating pedestrian flows on street networks: revisiting the betweenness index. Journal of the American Planning Association, 87(4), 512-526, https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2020.1864758
Shan, L. I., Zheng, W., & Zhangqi, Z. (2012). Gravity model for tourism spatial interaction: Basic form, parameter estimation, and applications. Acta Geographica Sinica, 67(4), 526–544. https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201204009
Shrestha, J. K., Pudasaini, P., & Mussone, L. (2021). Rural road network performance and pre-disaster planning: An assessment methodology considering redundancy. Transportation Planning and Technology, 44(7), 726–743. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2021.1956809
Silva, T., & Loureiro, A. (2015). Computação Urbana: Técnicas para o Estudo de Sociedades com Redes de Sensoriamento Participativo. In Jornada de Atualização em Informática 2015 (pp. 68–122). SBC. https://doi.org/10.5753/sbc.6899.3.2
Silva, T. C., da Silva Neto, P. V., & Tabak, B. M. (2023). Tourism and the economy: evidence from Brazil. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(6), 851–862. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2048804
Simanjuntak, M. (2013). Opportunity for tourism professional development in Indonesia. Binus Business Review, 4(1), 473–486. https://doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v4i1.1412
Sinclair, M. T. (1998). Tourism and economic development: A survey. Journal of Development Studies, 34(5), 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389808422535
Tan, P. Y., Ismail, H. N., & Syed Jaafar, S. M. R. (2021). A systematic literature review of social network analysis in tourism flows. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management, 6(26), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.35631/JTHEM.626012
Vongvanich, T., Sun, W., & Schmöcker, J.-D. (2023). Explaining and Predicting Station Demand Patterns Using Google Popular Times Data. Data Science for Transportation, 5(2), 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42421-023-00072-z
Wang, Z., Liu, Q., Xu, J., & Fujiki, Y. (2020). Evolution characteristics of the spatial network structure of tourism efficiency in China: A province-level analysis. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 100509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100509
Wanhill, S. (2020). What tourism economists do. Their contribution to understanding tourism. Studies of Applied Economics, 29(3), 679–692. https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v29i3.4408
Xiao, Q.-L., Wang, Y., & Zhou, W.-X. (2021). Regional Economic Convergence in China: A Comparative Study of Nighttime Light and GDP. Frontiers in Physics, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2021.525162
Yan, X.-Y. (2020). Exploring the roots of social gravity law. Acta Physica Sinica, 69(8), 088903. https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.69.20191686
Yang, G., Yang, Y., Gong, G., & Gui, Q. (2022). The spatial network structure of tourism efficiency and its influencing factors in China: A social network analysis. Sustainability, 14(16), 9921. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14169921
Zeng, B. (2018). Pattern of Chinese tourist flows in Japan: a Social Network Analysis perspective. Tourism Geographies, 20(5), 810–832. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2018.1496470
Zhang, B., Luo, M., Du, Q., Yi, Z., Dong, L., Yu, Y., Feng, J., & Lin, J. (2023). Spatial distribution and suitability evaluation of nighttime tourism in Kunming utilizing multi-source data. Heliyon, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16826
Zhang, X., Huang, X., Shi, J., Zheng, Y., & Wang, J. (2024). Connections and spatial network structure of the tourism economy in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei: A social network perspective. Land, 13(10), 1691. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101691
Copyright (c) 2025 Dwi Handoko, Annisa Dira Hariyanto, Hardi Adityasna, Firman Afrianto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
